flask

Application Context

• current_app only works inside request or with app.app_context() — "working outside application context" error
• g is per-request storage — lost after request ends, use for db connections
• Background tasks need context — with app.app_context(): or pass data, not proxies
• create_app() factory pattern avoids circular imports — import current_app not app

Request Context

• request, session only inside request — "working outside request context" error
• url_for needs context — url_for('static', filename='x', _external=True) for absolute URLs
• Test client provides context automatically — but manual context for non-request code

Circular Imports

• from app import app in models causes circular — use factory pattern
• Import inside function for late binding — or use current_app
• Blueprints help organize — register at factory time, not import time
• Extensions init with init_app(app) pattern — create without app, bind later

Sessions and Security

• SECRET_KEY required for sessions — random bytes, not weak string
• No SECRET_KEY = unsigned cookies — anyone can forge session data
• SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE=True in production — only send over HTTPS
• SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY=True — JavaScript can't access

Debug Mode

• debug=True in production = remote code execution — attacker can run Python
• Use FLASK_DEBUG env var — not hardcoded
• Debug PIN in logs if debug enabled — extra layer, but still dangerous

Blueprints

• url_prefix set at registration — app.register_blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/api')
• Blueprint routes relative to prefix — @bp.route('/users') becomes /api/users
• blueprint.before_request only for that blueprint — app.before_request for all

SQLAlchemy Integration

• db.session.commit() explicitly — autocommit not default
• Session scoped to request by Flask-SQLAlchemy — but background tasks need own session
• Detached object error — object from different session, refetch or merge
• db.session.rollback() on error — or session stays in bad state

Production

• flask run is dev server — use Gunicorn/uWSGI in production
• threaded=True for dev server concurrency — but still not production-ready
• Static files through nginx — Flask serving static is slow
• PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS=True for proper error handling with Sentry etc.

Common Mistakes

• return redirect('/login') vs return redirect(url_for('login')) — url_for is refactor-safe
• JSON response: return jsonify(data) — not return json.dumps(data)
• Form data in request.form — JSON body in request.json or request.get_json()
• request.args for query params — request.args.get('page', default=1, type=int)